BOJ

Japan's Woes – Fukushima, China , Debt And Seniors

Forex Kong 20 Comments

For the coming week, I’m going to be writing / providing considerable information on some of the very troubling developments taking place in Japan. As you already know, I watch Japan very closely ( much more so than the U.S) and am “compelled” to share with you some of the things I’ve recently come to understand.

1. Fukushima

With over 300 tonnes of contaminated radio-active water flooding back into the pacific ocean “daily” for the past 2 FULL YEARS – the nuclear disaster in Japan is the absolute #1 largest threat to humanity I will have seen ( and likely yourselves ) in our lifetimes. The current situation is so dire, that Abe and the Japanese government have now passed a “new bill” granting Japan’s govt sweeping powers to declare state secrets where in whistleblowers and journalist may face up to ten years in jail for exposing anything the Japanese government declares “a special secret.”

If you can imagine how frail the situation is – if a single “spent fuel rod assembly ” of the 1000’s hanging precariously in reactor 4 where to break in open air – 30 million citizens of Tokyo may face evacuation, crippling the world’s third largest economic centre, paving the way for complete global economic  disaster.

As little coverage as the story is getting in the West, the threat at Fukushima is very, very real and will take many, many years to even “contain” – let alone repair. All the while…the contamination continues with estimates of impacting the entire Pacific Ocean over the next 5 years.

http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2013-12-06/japan-secures-final-passage-secrecy-bill-designed-kafka-inspired-hitler

This is an excellent breakdown of the situation moving forward, should any of you care:

http://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/fukushima-facts-that-you-have-not-been-told-about-dire-update/

Given the “passing” of this new bill, I fear it’s unlikely we will really “ever” get the information needed to properly evaluate the situation at Fukushima, as it’s obvious the Japanese don’t want to speak of it. Tourism, exports, health care, government reputation etc…take your pick – the lasting effects on Japan ( and it’s economy ) will be felt for many years to come.

Throughout the week I want to also touch on China’s recent military actions concerning Japan, as well the country’s “mushroom cloud” of debt and rapidly aging population.

The Domino Effect: How Japan’s Crisis Reshapes Global Currency Markets

JPY Weakness and the Safe Haven Paradox

The irony facing forex traders right now is profound. Japan, traditionally viewed as a safe haven currency, is sitting on what amounts to a financial and environmental time bomb. The yen’s role as a funding currency in carry trades has masked the underlying structural weakness, but make no mistake – the fundamentals are deteriorating rapidly. With the Fukushima situation draining billions from government coffers annually, and the new secrecy laws preventing transparent reporting of costs, the JPY is living on borrowed time. Smart money is already positioning for prolonged weakness against major pairs, particularly USD/JPY and EUR/JPY. The Bank of Japan’s money printing operations, ostensibly for economic stimulus, are increasingly being used to fund disaster management and containment efforts that show no signs of ending. This creates a perfect storm for yen debasement that could last decades, not years.

Commodity Currency Implications and Pacific Trade Routes

The contamination of Pacific fishing grounds and agricultural exports from Japan creates massive opportunities in commodity currencies. Australia and New Zealand, as major food exporters to Asia, stand to benefit enormously from Japan’s declining export capacity. The AUD/JPY and NZD/JPY crosses are particularly attractive for long-term positioning. Canadian agricultural exports and seafood will also see increased demand as Japan’s own production becomes increasingly questionable. What’s more telling is that major shipping routes across the Pacific are already being altered to avoid contaminated waters, increasing costs for Japanese importers and making their goods less competitive globally. This shipping disruption alone justifies bearish positioning on JPY across the board. The knock-on effects will ripple through Asian trade relationships, potentially strengthening currencies of countries that can fill Japan’s traditional export roles.

China’s Military Posturing and Regional Currency Instability

China’s recent establishment of an Air Defense Identification Zone over disputed territories isn’t just military posturing – it’s economic warfare with direct currency implications. Beijing understands that a weakened, distracted Japan focused on internal crisis management cannot effectively challenge Chinese regional dominance. This military pressure compounds Japan’s existing problems, forcing additional defense spending at a time when resources are already stretched thin managing Fukushima. The yuan is being positioned as the dominant Asian currency while the yen faces this multi-front assault. Chinese manufacturing is already capturing market share from Japanese competitors, particularly in electronics and automotive sectors where “Made in Japan” is losing its premium status due to contamination concerns. Currency traders should watch for coordinated selling pressure on JPY whenever China escalates territorial disputes, as it forces Japan to divert resources from economic recovery to military preparedness.

Debt Monetization and the Demographics Death Spiral

Japan’s debt-to-GDP ratio was already unsustainable before Fukushima, but the ongoing crisis has accelerated the timeline to crisis. With an aging population requiring increased healthcare spending – particularly for radiation-related illnesses that won’t be officially acknowledged – and a shrinking workforce, Japan faces a demographic collapse coinciding with environmental disaster. The government’s only option is aggressive debt monetization, which means systematic yen devaluation is not just likely but inevitable. This isn’t temporary stimulus – this is permanent currency debasement to manage an unmanageable situation. The implications for carry trades are enormous, as the yen will remain artificially cheap for funding purposes while other central banks begin tightening cycles. Long-term forex positioning should assume the yen will lose significant value against all major currencies over the next decade. The demographic math alone justifies this view, but when combined with ongoing disaster costs and military pressures from China, the yen’s decline becomes not just probable but mathematically certain. Traders focusing on shorter timeframes miss the bigger picture – this is a generational trade setup against the Japanese yen.

The Correction – One Way To Trade It

Forex Kong 2 Comments

It’s simple.

The hot money out of Japan has been responsible for “a pile” of the recent run up in U.S equities, as Ben and his buddies have been busy enough in the bond market – with little success. TLT is currently priced at 102.65!

I’m pulling up this ol chart from back “I don’t know when” I first suggested what was to come for U.S bonds, the U.S dollar – and inevitably U.S stocks.

Quote: “Not much else to add here as the intermarket analysis above pretty much outlines the direction for the U.S Dollar. I feel we will likely see a time very soon, when U.S bonds, U.S stocks as well as the U.S Dollar all fall together.”

TLT_Forex_Kong_April_20

TLT in Weekly Downtrend

I really don’t think people grasp how screwed the Fed is, and unfortunately how this translates to the “middle class” of America – who will be stuck paying for it.

With 85 billion per month in effort, you can see by only a couple of “down days in the market” the Fed is absolutely powerless when the “market decides” what’s what.

You’d seriously have to ask your self what on Earth would need to occur to “reinstill confidence” in the purchase of U.S bonds/debt? Not to mention the “global move” away from USD. Tapering is impossible. QE will be doubled no question, then likely tripled.

Did I mention that recent data has just had the “Yuan” replace the Euro as the second most widely traded currency on the planet?

This may not be the “last of it” as the large majority of retail investors will view this “next dip” as an excellent place to buy….and they will be right – for a couple weeks.

You want to play the correction?

Get short Japan.

The Yen Carry Trade Unwind: What’s Coming Next

USD/JPY: The Mother of All Reversals

Look, when I’m talking about getting short Japan, I’m not talking about some casual swing trade here. The USD/JPY pair has been the backbone of this entire charade, and it’s about to get ugly fast. We’ve seen this monster climb from 80 to over 100, fueling massive carry trades that have pumped liquidity into everything from emerging market bonds to Silicon Valley tech stocks. But here’s the kicker – the Bank of Japan’s infinity QE program is starting to show cracks, and when this thing reverses, it’s going to make 2008 look like a warm-up act.

The fundamentals are screaming reversal. Japan’s current account surplus is shrinking faster than Ben Bernanke’s credibility, and their energy imports are killing them. Meanwhile, every hedge fund and their grandmother is loaded to the gills with yen shorts. When the covering starts – and it will – USD/JPY is going to crater so hard it’ll leave skid marks on the charts. We’re talking about a potential 15-20% move in a matter of weeks, not months.

The Real Driver: Cross-Currency Volatility

Here’s what the mainstream financial media isn’t telling you – it’s not just about USD/JPY. The real carnage is happening in the crosses, particularly EUR/JPY and GBP/JPY. These pairs have been absolute rocket ships, but they’re built on the shakiest foundation imaginable. European banks have been borrowing yen at practically zero percent and buying everything from Spanish bonds to German equities. When this unwinds, the European Central Bank is going to be caught with their pants down.

AUD/JPY is another disaster waiting to happen. Australia’s commodity boom is over, China’s slowing down, and the Aussie dollar has been living on borrowed time. The only thing keeping it afloat has been Japanese investors chasing yield in Australian government bonds. When the yen strengthens and Japanese money heads home, the Aussie is going to get slaughtered. We could see AUD/JPY drop from current levels around 95 back to 75 or lower.

Yuan Ascendancy: The Real Game Changer

That Yuan statistic I mentioned isn’t just some footnote in a central bank report – it’s the death knell for dollar hegemony. China’s been playing chess while everyone else is playing checkers. They’ve systematically built bilateral trade agreements that bypass the dollar entirely, and now they’re reaping the rewards. The PBOC doesn’t need to announce some dramatic policy shift; they’re just quietly allowing market forces to do their work.

USD/CNY has been remarkably stable, but that’s about to change. China’s ready to let their currency strengthen significantly, and when they do, it’s going to create a vacuum that sucks capital out of every other market. Think about it – why would you hold dollars earning nothing when you can get yuan exposure with a currency that’s appreciating against everything else? The smart money is already positioning for this shift. By the time it hits CNBC, it’ll be too late.

The Fed’s Impossible Position

Bernanke and company have painted themselves into a corner that would make Houdini nervous. They can’t taper because the economy is still a zombie, but they can’t keep printing because it’s destroying the currency and creating bubbles everywhere. The bond market is essentially giving them the finger, with the 10-year yield climbing despite $85 billion in monthly purchases. That’s not a market – that’s a rebellion.

When TLT breaks below 100 – and it will – that’s your signal that the game has fundamentally changed. We’re not talking about some minor correction in the bond market; we’re talking about a complete loss of confidence in U.S. fiscal policy. Foreign central banks are already reducing their Treasury purchases, and when the private sector follows suit, yields are going to spike so fast it’ll make your head spin.

The endgame here is simple: massive QE expansion that destroys the dollar’s purchasing power, or QE cessation that crashes the equity markets. Either way, the middle class gets crushed, and anyone holding dollars is going to learn a very expensive lesson about monetary debasement. Position accordingly.

Eyes On Japan – Start Following Nikkei

Forex Kong 21 Comments

It’s 11:07 a.m in Tokyo Japan right now, and traders are just getting settled in for the long week ahead.

Considering our “global market” as well the fact that Japan’s current QE program is 3X larger that of the United States – it goes without saying that I’m very interested in activity overseas. A quick look at Asian markets on Sunday night is a virtual “look into the future”, as equally skilled and experienced traders/investors evaluate the weekend’s data and start making their moves.

A current chart of the Nikkei ( I use futures /NKD ), compared to a chart of the SP 500 has both poking around at near term highs so….in that sense ( if you don’t choose to follow the Nikkei specifically ) you can imagine traders in Japan in nearly the “exact same position” as those on Wall Street.

Two separate governments, both with similar monetary policies, printing like mad with hopes they will “somehow” survive. Massive trading floors, big banks flooded with liquidity and a stock market “turned up to 11”.

In the simplest “minute to minute” sense I could easily bet you 1000 pesos that as the Nikkei trades lower, you can look forward to a lower open in the U.S. Half the planet is already “up and running” devouring the news of the day ( perhaps U.S retail sales over the holiday weekend?? ) so…..what? Did you have some idea that U.S markets lead?

With a current QE program “dwarfing” that of the U.S I can assure you – in the current environment of “free money” and “print to eternity” Japan is the country to keep your eye on.

All those freshly printed Yen had to have gone somewhere right?

You don’t think the Japanese are smart enough to “jump onboard” the “bubble fest” currently playing out in U.S equities as well?

Please…….with a full 12 hour head start, I’ll see “trouble on the horizon” in Japan long before you’ve hit the snooze button.

 

Reading the Global Currency Tea Leaves: Why JPY Movements Matter More Than You Think

The Yen Carry Trade Unwind Signal

Here’s what most retail traders completely miss while they’re glued to their EUR/USD charts – the Japanese Yen isn’t just another currency in this rigged casino we call forex. When the Bank of Japan fires up those printing presses at triple the pace of the Fed, every single freshly minted Yen becomes ammunition in the largest carry trade the world has ever seen. Smart money borrows Yen at near-zero rates and parks it in higher-yielding assets across the globe. But here’s the kicker – when risk appetite starts to sour, that carry trade unwinds faster than you can say “margin call.” Watch USD/JPY like a hawk. When it starts breaking key support levels during Asian hours, you’re getting a front-row seat to global risk-off sentiment before New York traders have even had their morning coffee. The correlation between Nikkei weakness and Yen strength isn’t coincidence – it’s mathematical certainty in a world where liquidity flows follow the path of least resistance.

Cross-Currency Surveillance: Your Early Warning System

While American traders are still dreaming about their weekend barbecues, I’m watching AUD/JPY, NZD/JPY, and CAD/JPY like they’re nuclear reactor gauges. These cross pairs don’t lie – they’re pure risk sentiment distilled into price action. When commodity currencies start getting hammered against the Yen in early Asian trading, you’re witnessing real-time capital flight from risk assets. The beauty of monitoring these crosses is that they strip away the noise of individual central bank policy divergence and give you raw, unfiltered global risk appetite. AUD/JPY breaking below key technical levels at 2 AM EST? Start planning your SPY short position because Wall Street is about to get blindsided. The algorithmic trading systems running the show these days are globally synchronized – they’re not waiting for some CNBC talking head to explain what happened hours earlier in Tokyo.

The Central Bank Coordination Myth

Don’t fall for the fairy tale that central banks operate in isolation. Kuroda’s printing press doesn’t exist in a vacuum separate from Powell’s policy decisions. When the Bank of Japan expands their balance sheet at warp speed, they’re essentially forcing every other major central bank to play defense or watch their currencies appreciate to economically destructive levels. The result? A coordinated race to the bottom that makes individual currency analysis almost obsolete. What matters now is relative debasement speed and which central bank blinks first. The Swiss National Bank learned this lesson the hard way in 2015 when they abandoned their EUR/CHF peg – currency pegs only work until they spectacularly don’t. Japan’s massive QE program isn’t just domestic monetary policy; it’s economic warfare disguised as stimulus, and the casualties are measured in currency volatility that can make or break your trading account in hours, not days.

Positioning for the Inevitable Reversal

Every experienced trader knows that trees don’t grow to the sky, and neither do artificially suppressed currency values. The Yen’s systematic weakening through money printing has created the mother of all mean reversion setups, but timing that reversal is where fortunes are made and lost. Here’s your roadmap: monitor Japanese government bond yields obsessively. When 10-year JGB yields start creeping higher despite BOJ intervention, you’re witnessing the bond market’s vote of no confidence in unlimited QE sustainability. The moment the BOJ loses control of their yield curve control policy, USD/JPY could collapse faster than the Nikkei did in 1990. Smart positioning means building modest long JPY positions on major technical breaks while the majority of traders are still betting on infinite money printing. The currency markets have a brutal sense of humor – they’ll keep everyone comfortable with the status quo right up until the moment they don’t. When that shift happens, having Tokyo market insight isn’t just an advantage – it’s survival insurance in a globally interconnected financial system where twelve hours can feel like twelve years.

Japan As A Model – Slaves To The Bank

Forex Kong 17 Comments

Japan is the world’s third largest economy and a key trading partner to all of the large powers with a current “debt versus the country’s GDP” at 230% – the highest in the developed world. And if you add in corporate and private debt, total Japanese debt equates to more like 500% of GDP.

Think about that for a moment.

Any given year the country of Japan “owes” (lets average it out) 3X the amount of money that it currently “makes”. That’s what I call a serious credit card limit – totally maxed.

To illustrate just how fragile this situation is ( and possibly foreshadow a likely “similar” situation currently developing in the U.S ) if the base interest rates in Japan where to rise to a piddly 2% ( as the current rate is at 0.1% ) it would have “interest expense on government debt” equate to 80% of government revenue. That’s 80% of the countries GDP ( essentially ) going to pay the INTEREST on outstanding debt alone!

This “tiny jump” in interest rates would cause complete chaos in the bond market, be absolutely impossible to service, and likely lead to full-blown economic crisis.

So what’s the plan in Japan? Seeing that even the current stimulus plan ( 3X as large as th U.S current QE) is “barely” allowing them to hang on? More printing? More government bond purchases?

And of course when all else fails….what’s another great way a government can increase its revenue?

Raise taxes, and essentially make the people “work off the debt”.

Sound at all familiar?

Slaves to the bank. That’s what I see.

The “short Aussie” “post and subsequent trades of the last 24 hours have been spectacular as “indeed” the Australian Dollar took some serious damage overnight. Do I think it’s done? No way….The Aussie’s got a ways further to fall.

The Domino Effect: When Debt Spirals Meet Currency Reality

JPY’s Inevitable Path to Zero

Here’s the brutal truth nobody wants to discuss: Japan has painted itself into a corner with no exit strategy. The Bank of Japan owns over 50% of the entire Japanese government bond market through their yield curve control policy. They’re not just printing money anymore – they’re the market. When you control interest rates artificially at near-zero while your debt-to-GDP screams danger, you’ve essentially declared war on your own currency. The yen isn’t experiencing temporary weakness; it’s experiencing structural demolition.

Every major central bank pivot toward hawkishness makes Japan’s position more precarious. The Federal Reserve’s aggressive rate hikes created a yield differential so wide you could drive a freight train through it. USD/JPY breaking above 150 wasn’t a fluke – it was mathematics. Japanese institutions are hemorrhaging capital as investors flee to higher-yielding alternatives. The BOJ’s intervention attempts? Throwing pebbles at a tsunami. They burned through $60 billion in September alone trying to prop up the yen, only to watch it crater further.

Australia’s Resource Curse Meets Reality

The Australian dollar’s recent bloodbath isn’t just cyclical weakness – it’s the unwinding of a decade-long commodity supercycle built on Chinese demand that’s evaporating before our eyes. China’s property sector, which consumes roughly 30% of global steel production, is imploding. When Chinese property developers stop building ghost cities, Australian iron ore becomes expensive dirt. The Reserve Bank of Australia can talk tough about inflation all they want, but when your primary export customer stops buying, your currency becomes toilet paper.

AUD/USD breaking below 0.65 was just the appetizer. The real feast comes when traders realize that Australia’s housing bubble makes Japan’s 1980s look conservative. Average house prices in Sydney and Melbourne are 12-15 times median household income. That’s not a market – that’s a Ponzi scheme with granite countertops. When this unwinds, the RBA will be cutting rates faster than a Japanese sushi chef, and the Aussie will crater toward 0.50.

The Global Debt Endgame

Japan isn’t unique – it’s simply first in line. The United States is following the same playbook with $32 trillion in debt and counting. The difference? America still controls the world’s reserve currency. That privilege won’t last forever, especially when you’re monetizing debt faster than a Weimar Republic printing press. The moment foreign central banks stop buying Treasury bonds, the Federal Reserve becomes the buyer of last resort, just like the BOJ today.

Europe’s situation is even more precarious. The European Central Bank is trying to fight inflation while keeping Italian and Spanish bond yields from exploding. It’s monetary policy by committee trying to manage 27 different economies with one interest rate. The euro’s recent strength is purely relative – it looks good compared to the yen and pound, but that’s like being the tallest person in a room full of midgets.

Trading the Collapse

Smart money isn’t trying to catch falling knives – it’s positioning for the inevitable. Long USD/JPY remains the trade of the decade until the BOJ capitulates completely or the yen hits single digits. The 160 level isn’t resistance; it’s a rest stop on the highway to currency hell. AUD/JPY offers even better risk-reward, combining Australian commodity weakness with Japanese monetary insanity.

The carry trade is back with vengeance. Borrow in yen at 0.1%, invest in anything yielding more than inflation, and laugh all the way to the bank. Mexican pesos, Brazilian reais, even Turkish lira offer better real returns than yen deposits. When a central bank declares war on savers, savers fight back by fleeing the currency.

This isn’t financial advice – it’s financial reality. Governments that spend beyond their means eventually face the bond vigilantes. Japan thought they were different because they owned their own debt. They’re discovering that currency markets don’t care about your accounting tricks when your entire economic model depends on financial repression. The yen’s collapse is just beginning.

QE In Japan To Increase – U.S.A Next

Forex Kong 6 Comments

Some tough new out of Japan here this evening for those fans of “money printing” and “easy money” policy. News flash – It’s not working.

With the current QE program in Japan currently 3X LARGER than that of the U.S Federal Reserve, the first 6 months “pump job” has most certainly stalled out ( ironically in May – as I suggested markets topped then ) then traded flat across the summer,  and now into the fall.

If you can believe it:

“The BOJ is likely to step up stimulus in the April-June quarter to support the economy after the levy rise, according to 20 of the economists surveyed.”

“The BOJ will need to fire another arrow aimed at devaluing the yen if the Abe administration is unwilling to risk a sharp economic slowdown,” Credit Suisse Group AG economists Hiromichi Shirakawa and Takashi Shiono wrote in a report.

Expect lower stock prices in Nikkei, then further easing come April.

Now do some of you have a better idea as to why I expect the Fed to also INCREASE QE moving forward?? The numbers are just too large for any of us to clearly understand. A couple more “zero’s” on the Fed’s balance sheet aren’t going to make a single bit of difference as financial markets continue “hanging by a life line/thread”.

They will print, print, print until they can’t print anymore – and continue kicking the can hoping for a miracle.

Japan’s program is 3X larger than the U.S and it’s already “a given” they will increase QE with continued attempt to prop up the economy. This, in the face of “global growth projections” now being lowered by the IMF and anyone else with half a brain in their head.

I’ll say it again – keep your eyes peeled friends…..a bumpy road ahead.

The Domino Effect: What Japan’s QE Addiction Means for Global Currency Markets

USD/JPY: The Manipulated Cross That Reveals Everything

Let’s cut straight to the chase here – USD/JPY has become nothing more than a policy tool masquerading as a free-floating exchange rate. When Japan’s QE program dwarfs the Fed’s by a factor of three, you’re not looking at market forces anymore. You’re witnessing currency manipulation on an industrial scale. The yen’s artificial weakness isn’t some byproduct of their stimulus – it’s the entire point. Kuroda and the BOJ have turned their currency into a weapon for export competitiveness, and they’re not even trying to hide it anymore.

Here’s what the textbooks won’t tell you: when a central bank commits to unlimited bond purchases while simultaneously targeting a weaker currency, traditional technical analysis goes out the window. Support and resistance levels? Forget about them. The BOJ will step in at any level they deem “too strong” for the yen. This creates a one-way trade that savvy forex players have been riding for months, and it’s far from over. The April-June timeline mentioned by those economists isn’t speculation – it’s a roadmap.

The Fed’s Inevitable Response: Why QE4 Is Already Baked In

Think the Federal Reserve is going to sit back and watch Japan devalue their way to export dominance? Think again. The Fed’s dual mandate doesn’t explicitly mention currency strength, but you can bet your last dollar they’re watching USD/JPY charts just as closely as employment data. When your major trading partner is running QE at triple your pace, your relative currency strength becomes an economic headwind that no amount of domestic stimulus can overcome.

The mathematics here are brutal and unavoidable. Japan’s monetary base expansion makes the Fed’s balance sheet look conservative by comparison. This isn’t sustainable in a world where export competitiveness drives economic growth. The Fed will be forced to match Japan’s aggression or watch American manufacturers get priced out of global markets. It’s not a matter of if – it’s a matter of when. And when they do expand QE, expect the dollar to weaken across the board, not just against the yen.

EUR/USD, GBP/USD, AUD/USD – every major pair will feel the impact when the Fed capitulates to the reality of competitive devaluation. The central banks are locked in a race to the bottom, and none of them can afford to blink first.

Safe Haven Currencies: The Last Standing Dominoes

While Japan prints and the Fed prepares to follow suit, where does real money go? The traditional safe haven playbook is getting rewritten in real time. Swiss franc? The SNB already showed they’ll peg it to prevent appreciation. Norwegian krone? Oil dependency makes it too volatile for serious capital preservation. This leaves precious metals and a handful of currencies tied to economies that haven’t completely abandoned fiscal discipline.

The Canadian dollar presents an interesting case study here. With natural resources backing the currency and a central bank that’s been relatively restrained compared to their G7 peers, CAD crosses might offer the stability that traditional safe havens can no longer provide. But even this is temporary – commodity currencies are only as strong as global demand, and if the IMF’s growth downgrades prove accurate, even these refuges won’t hold.

Trading the New Reality: Position Sizing for Currency Wars

Here’s the hard truth that most forex education won’t teach you: traditional risk management models break down when central banks abandon pretense of market-driven exchange rates. When intervention becomes policy and policy becomes intervention, your position sizing needs to account for unlimited firepower on the other side of your trade.

The smart money isn’t trying to pick tops in USD/JPY anymore – they’re positioning for the Fed’s inevitable response and the chaos that follows. This means looking at currency baskets rather than individual pairs, hedging with hard assets, and maintaining flexibility to pivot when the next round of competitive devaluation begins.

The writing is on the wall, and it’s written in freshly printed yen, dollars, and euros. The central banks have chosen their path, and it leads straight through currency destruction toward an outcome none of them can control. Position accordingly, because this train has no brakes.

JPY And Nikkei – Thank You Japan!

Forex Kong 13 Comments

I’m absolutely fascinated with “all things Japanese”.

In particular – The Yonaguni Monument (与那国島海底地形 Yonaguni-jima Kaitei Chikei, lit. “Yonaguni Island Submarine Topography”) a massive underwater rock formation off the coast of Yonaguni, the southern most part of the Ryukyu Islands. There’s debate as to whether the site is completely natural, is a natural site that has been modified, or is a human-made artifact.

Of course I’m convinced it’s evidence of “ancient aliens” but then again…..I digress.

I likely eat / prepare sushi 3 to 4 times a week, love saki….and am currently practicing some “simple spoken word” while not on the rooftop  – working on the spaceship.

A special thanks today – to Japan!

For all you have that’s wonderful, and of course the Nikkei! ( kindly respecting my wishes and turning downward), for JPY and it’s strength, for sushi, for sake, and all the other wonders of this incredible land!

 

 

 

 

 

The Yen’s Archaeological Strength: Digging Deeper Into JPY Dominance

Just like those ancient stone formations beneath Yonaguni’s waters, the Japanese Yen’s recent strength didn’t appear overnight. This currency has been carved by decades of economic pressure, central bank intervention, and global market forces that most traders completely misunderstand. While everyone’s chasing the latest EUR/USD breakout or getting excited about some Fed announcement, the real money has been quietly accumulating JPY positions against a basket of deteriorating currencies.

The Nikkei’s downward trajectory I’ve been anticipating isn’t just some lucky guess – it’s the logical result of understanding how Japanese institutional money flows work. When domestic equities weaken, that capital doesn’t vanish into thin air. It flows back into JPY-denominated assets, creating the exact strengthening pattern we’re witnessing across major pairs like USD/JPY, GBP/JPY, and AUD/JPY. This isn’t rocket science, but it requires the patience to see beyond the noise of daily economic headlines.

Carry Trade Unwind: The Hidden JPY Catalyst

Here’s what most retail traders miss completely: Japan’s ultra-low interest rates have made JPY the funding currency of choice for carry trades worldwide for over a decade. Institutional players borrow cheap Yen to invest in higher-yielding assets across emerging markets, commodities, and risk-on currencies. But when global uncertainty increases – whether from geopolitical tensions, inflation concerns, or central bank policy shifts – these massive carry positions get unwound faster than a poorly constructed ancient monument crumbling under water pressure.

The unwinding process creates enormous buying pressure for JPY as borrowed Yen must be repurchased to close positions. This mechanical demand often overwhelms fundamental factors that traditional analysis focuses on. Watch the correlation between VIX spikes and sudden JPY strength – it’s not coincidental. It’s the sound of billions in carry trades getting liquidated simultaneously.

Bank of Japan: Masters of Calculated Patience

The BoJ operates with a geological timeline that makes other central banks look like hyperactive day traders. Their approach to monetary policy resembles the slow, methodical process that created those mysterious Yonaguni formations – whether natural or artificial, the result demonstrates incredible persistence over time. While the Fed flip-flops on rate policy and the ECB struggles with fragmented member state economics, Japan maintains its ultra-accommodative stance with surgical precision.

This patience creates predictable opportunities in JPY crosses. When USD/JPY approaches key technical levels around 110 or 115, BoJ intervention becomes increasingly probable. They don’t announce it with fanfare – they simply act, moving billions in currency markets with the same quiet efficiency that characterizes Japanese institutional culture. Smart money watches these intervention zones like ancient astronomers tracking celestial patterns.

Technical Confluence in JPY Pairs

The beauty of trading JPY pairs lies in their respect for technical analysis. Japanese markets have always honored chart patterns, support and resistance levels, and fibonacci retracements with almost religious devotion. This cultural respect for technical discipline creates self-fulfilling prophecies that Western traders often dismiss as coincidence.

Currently, multiple JPY crosses are approaching critical junctures. EUR/JPY is testing major support that’s held for eighteen months, while GBP/JPY faces resistance that’s been rejected four times since early 2021. These aren’t random price levels – they represent institutional decision points where massive position sizing occurs. The key is positioning before these levels get tested, not reacting after they break.

Cultural Economics: Why Japan Stays Relevant

Japan’s economic influence extends far beyond GDP numbers or trade balances. The cultural commitment to quality, precision, and long-term thinking permeates their financial markets. While other economies chase short-term growth spurts that inevitably reverse, Japan builds sustainable competitive advantages in technology, manufacturing efficiency, and capital allocation.

This cultural foundation supports JPY strength during global uncertainty periods. When investors seek stability, they don’t just buy Japanese government bonds – they buy into an entire economic philosophy that prioritizes consistency over volatility. The same mindset that creates perfectly balanced sushi presentations and sake brewing processes that span centuries also drives conservative monetary policy and disciplined fiscal management.

Understanding Japan means understanding patience, precision, and the power of compound improvements over time. Just like those ancient underwater structures continue revealing new mysteries to patient researchers, JPY will continue rewarding traders who appreciate its unique characteristics rather than trying to force it into Western economic models that simply don’t apply.

JPY Takes Safe Haven Bid

Forex Kong 2 Comments

In case anyone had any doubt about which currency would see strength during a flight from risk – The Japanese Yen was the clear winner overnight on fears of the U.S attacking Syria.

Kuroda and the Bank of Japan’s QE program (which is 3X as large as that of the U.S) has taken a serious hit here, as pairs such as AUD/JPY have more or less 100% completely retraced since the stimulus started back in 2012.

As I’ve mentioned here time and time again – JPY will always take a large portion of “safety flows” as the country of Japan holds most of its public debt domestically, providing little chance of default. When safety is sought – the Japanese Yen (JPY) makes sense for that reason alone.

I’d also suggested that the “easy money” being short JPY ( based in Kuroda’s QE plans set to continue) has already been made as we are now seeing what will likely happen should “global appetite for risk” come off. All the printing in the worlds can’t keep up with the flow of money “back into Yen” when risk is unwound.

What we “didn’t see” – is strength ( or further weakness for that matter ) in USD as today looks like “yet another” doji candle, and flat as a pancake.

I don’t believe USD is being considered a safe haven currency any longer, and am still of the mind-set that it will sell off.,,,regardless of further actions in a military sense.

I’ve entered several positions “long JPY” and continue to hold several positions “short USD”.

The Bigger Picture: Why This JPY Rally Has Serious Legs

Risk-Off Flows Don’t Discriminate Against Central Bank Policy

What we’re witnessing here isn’t just some temporary flight to safety that’ll get crushed the moment Kuroda opens his mouth about more stimulus. This is a fundamental shift in how global capital flows are moving, and it’s exposing the harsh reality that monetary policy has its limits. The Bank of Japan can print all the Yen they want, but when institutional money managers are scrambling to cover risk positions across emerging markets, commodities, and overextended equity positions, that flood of capital back into JPY creates a tsunami effect that no central bank can fight.

Look at what’s happening with the carry trades that have been the bread and butter of forex speculators for years. EUR/JPY, GBP/JPY, and especially those high-yielding commodity currency pairs like NZD/JPY and CAD/JPY are getting absolutely demolished. These weren’t small retail positions getting squeezed – this is serious institutional money unwinding positions that have been building for months. When that kind of capital moves, it doesn’t care about Kuroda’s QE timeline or his commitment to keeping rates negative.

USD’s Safe Haven Status Is Dead – Deal With It

The most telling part of this entire move is watching USD just sit there like a dead fish while the world burns around it. Traditionally, any whiff of geopolitical tension would send money flowing into Treasuries and push DXY higher. Not anymore. The U.S. dollar’s role as the go-to safe haven currency is finished, and traders who keep waiting for that old relationship to reassert itself are going to get burned.

Why? Because global investors have finally woken up to the reality that the United States is the source of much of the world’s instability, not the solution to it. Whether it’s military interventions, trade wars, or domestic political chaos, USD represents risk now, not safety. Meanwhile, Japan sits there with their massive current account surplus, their domestically-held debt, and their stable political system. When push comes to shove, JPY is where the smart money goes.

This shift has massive implications for how we trade going forward. Those old playbook moves of buying USD on risk-off sentiment are dead. Instead, we need to be thinking about JPY strength and USD weakness as the new normal during periods of global uncertainty.

Technical Levels That Matter Right Now

From a technical standpoint, we’re seeing some major structural breaks that suggest this isn’t just a temporary spike. AUD/JPY breaking below that critical 82.00 support level that held for months is telling us that the carry trade unwind has serious momentum behind it. EUR/JPY is testing levels we haven’t seen since early 2017, and if it breaks below 130.00, we’re looking at a potential cascade down to 125.00 or lower.

On the USD side, DXY is trapped in this tight range around 94.00, which tells you everything you need to know about dollar demand. Even with all this global uncertainty, there’s no bid for dollars. That’s not normal, and it’s not temporary. USD/JPY is the pair to watch here – any break below 109.00 opens up a clear path down to 106.00, and that’s where things get really interesting for broader market sentiment.

Positioning for What’s Next

The smart play here isn’t just riding this initial wave of JPY strength – it’s positioning for the sustained trend that’s developing. This geopolitical tension might be the catalyst, but the underlying fundamentals supporting JPY and weighing on USD aren’t going anywhere. Japan’s economic data has been quietly improving while the U.S. is dealing with inflation concerns and political instability.

I’m not just talking about holding these JPY long positions for a few days until the Syria situation calms down. This is about recognizing a fundamental shift in global capital flows that could persist for months. The carry trade era is ending, and when that kind of structural change happens in forex markets, the moves can be massive and sustained. Those traders still betting on JPY weakness based on BOJ policy are fighting the last war while the new one is already being won by Yen bulls.

Kongonomics – Japan In Real Trouble

Forex Kong 12 Comments

“The following is taken largely from the newletter of John Mauldin”

After the collapse of what might still be the largest economic bubble in history, in 1989, Japan is still mired in a 24-year non-recovery. Nominal GDP in 2011 was almost exactly what it was 20 years earlier, in 1991. You can find other ways to measure nominal GDP which indicate limited growth; but compared to the US and China, nominal growth in Japan has been virtually non existent.

Japan’s gross debt to GDP ratio is expected to top 245 per cent this year, according to estimates by the International Monetary Fund – which is considered to be “ridiculously high”.

They cannot continue to grow their debt at the current rate. There is a limit. No one knows for sure what that is, but it is getting closer. And they know it. So they have to get their fiscal deficit below the growth rate of nominal GDP.

If JGB (Japanese Government Bonds)  interest rates rise 2% in Japan, then the government must pay almost 80% of its revenues (as currently received) just to cover the interest on its debt. Even a 1% rise would be fiscally devastating.

The Abe government plans to raise taxes. Japan’s current sales tax is 5%, due to increase to 8% next year and 10% by 2015 with hopes of generating further revenues , but this will also hurt consumer spending. So round and round it goes.

The government of Japan has no choice. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s radical experiment with macroeconomic stimulus will create a debt and monetary overhang so huge that it may just bankrupt the financial system and quite possibly trigger hyper-inflation, and at this point – there is no turning back.

I’m watching this closely as my theory that the “EU Zone” would be our catalyst for “global fireworks ahead” may very well be replaced by Japan as this is developing extremely quickly.

I believe the “easy money” short JPY is now gone, and am currently positioned “long JPY”.

Nice call Kong! The Nikkei is down a wopping -2,500 points since your post : https://forexkong.com/2013/05/25/nikkei-20-year-chart-rejection/

The JPY Reversal: Why Smart Money is Positioning Long

Technical Confluence Supporting the Yen’s Bottom

The JPY’s structural reversal isn’t just fundamental—it’s technically screaming at us. Look at USD/JPY hitting multi-decade resistance near 125.00, a level that’s rejected price action consistently since the Plaza Accord dynamics shifted global currency flows. The weekly RSI showed extreme overbought conditions for months, while the monthly chart displayed clear divergence between price and momentum. When you combine this with the BOJ’s inevitable policy pivot, you get a recipe for massive unwinding of carry trades that have dominated flows for years.

Smart money has been quietly accumulating JPY across multiple pairs. EUR/JPY’s rejection at 140.00 was particularly telling—European banks have been massive JPY shorts, using the yen as funding currency for their peripheral bond plays. That trade is now toxic. GBP/JPY’s failure to hold above 170.00 confirms the broader theme. These aren’t random technical levels—they’re structural points where decades of central bank intervention and carry trade flows converge.

The Carry Trade Unwind Accelerates

Here’s what most retail traders miss: the JPY carry trade isn’t just about Japan. It’s the foundation of global risk appetite. When hedge funds and institutions borrowed yen at near-zero rates to buy everything from Australian bonds to emerging market equities, they created a web of interconnected positions that dwarf Japan’s domestic economy. The unwind of these positions creates forced buying of JPY regardless of Japan’s internal economic situation.

AUD/JPY dropping below 90.00 signals the commodity carry trade is dead. NZD/JPY’s collapse through 85.00 confirms it. These currency pairs served as proxies for global growth expectations, funded by cheap yen. Now that growth is slowing globally while Japan’s relative position improves through lower energy imports and manufacturing reshoring, the entire thesis reverses. The yen becomes a haven again, not just a funding currency.

Policy Divergence Creates Opportunity

The Federal Reserve’s aggressive tightening cycle creates an interesting dynamic with BOJ policy. While the Fed fights inflation with rate hikes, Japan’s inflation remains structurally low due to demographics and productivity gains. This divergence typically favors the dollar, but we’re reaching limits. USD/JPY above 140.00 triggers intervention from the MOF—they’ve made this crystal clear. More importantly, real interest rate differentials are compressing as US inflation stays elevated while Japanese inflation moderates.

Central bank intervention isn’t just about verbal threats anymore. Japan’s foreign exchange reserves are massive, and they’re prepared to use them. The MOF’s recent operations weren’t just warning shots—they were testing market depth and establishing price levels where they’ll defend the yen aggressively. When a central bank with unlimited domestic currency printing capability decides to defend a level, betting against them becomes extremely expensive.

Positioning for the Long JPY Trade

The mechanics of this trade require precision. Simply buying JPY against the dollar might work, but the real money is in cross-currency opportunities. EUR/JPY offers excellent risk-reward as the European Central Bank faces its own crisis with peripheral bond spreads widening and energy costs crushing competitiveness. The European economy’s dependence on Russian energy makes it structurally weaker than Japan’s pivot toward energy independence.

GBP/JPY presents another compelling short opportunity. The UK’s current account deficit and political instability contrast sharply with Japan’s improving external balance and stable governance. More importantly, the Bank of England’s hiking cycle is approaching its terminal rate while the BOJ maintains policy flexibility. This creates a convergence trade that could deliver significant returns as rate differentials compress.

Risk management remains crucial. Use JPY strength against commodity currencies like AUD and CAD as hedge positions. These pairs offer better technical entry points and align with the broader theme of carry trade unwinding. The key is patience—this reversal took years to develop and won’t resolve in weeks. Position sizing should reflect the long-term nature of this structural shift while maintaining flexibility for short-term volatility that intervention operations will inevitably create.

Nikkei – 20 Year Chart Rejection

Forex Kong 15 Comments

For the past several weeks the real story has been Japan’s amazing efforts to weaken the Yen – and in turn drive it’s stock market “The Nikkei” to the moon in the process.

Regardless of what you might think (with respect to recent data coming out of the U.S or even the latest stream of “upbeat earnings” from U.S companies) – the primary driver ( actually  “the only” in my view ) to higher equity prices in the SP500 has been the massive liquidity injections by The Bank of Japan coupled with Uncle Ben’s usual 85 billion per month.

We have now ( and finally ) reached a point where there is absolutely no question that we are in “bubble territory” as even the Fed is now doing what it can to “talk down” its own stimulus (which we all know can’t happen).

The correlations laid out here have been very straight forward. “Nikkei up = Yen down” and “SP 500 up = USD up”.

What’s interesting when we “zoom out” (and look at much longer term charts such as the last 20 or so years of  The Nikkei) we see that nothing is really that far out of wack.

The Nikkei has been rejected at the downward sloping trendline of “lower highs” – for the last 20 odd years running.

Nikkei_Longer_Term

Nikkei_Longer_Term

So once again we are left to consider if indeed the massive amount of money printing and central bank intervention can truly..TRULY…make a lasting difference in the growth of a given economy…or merely provide a brief “reprieve” from the pressures therein.

As the Nikkei corrects lower – so will USD.

I remain short USD….and look to get long JPY in coming days.

The Yen Carry Trade Unwind: What Comes Next

Central Bank Coordination Breaking Down

The synchronized money printing party that has propped up global markets is showing serious cracks. While the Bank of Japan continues its aggressive weakening campaign, the Federal Reserve’s mixed signals about tapering have created a dangerous divergence in policy expectations. This isn’t just about different central banks moving at different speeds – it’s about the complete breakdown of the coordinated liquidity framework that has dominated since 2008. When central banks start moving in opposite directions, the massive carry trades built on interest rate differentials become unstable. The USD/JPY pair, sitting near multi-year highs, represents one of the most crowded trades in forex history. Every hedge fund, pension fund, and retail trader has been borrowing cheap yen to buy higher-yielding assets. When this trade reverses – and it will – the unwinding will be swift and brutal.

The real danger isn’t just the size of these positions, but their interconnectedness with equity markets. The correlation between Nikkei strength and yen weakness has created a feedback loop that works beautifully on the way up but becomes a death spiral on the way down. As the Nikkei hits that 20-year resistance line and rolls over, Japanese institutions will start repatriating capital, driving yen strength and further equity weakness. The Fed knows this, which is why their tapering talk is mostly theatrical – they can’t actually reduce stimulus while Japan’s policy creates such massive global distortions.

Technical Breakdown Signals Major Reversal

The Nikkei’s rejection at that long-term downtrend line isn’t just a technical event – it’s a fundamental statement about Japan’s economic reality. Twenty years of trying to break through this resistance with every monetary trick in the book has failed repeatedly. The current rally, built entirely on currency debasement rather than genuine economic growth, lacks the foundation to sustain a real breakout. Smart money recognizes this pattern and has been quietly positioning for the reversal.

From a pure technical perspective, USD/JPY is showing classic topping behavior. The parabolic move from 80 to 103 has created massive overhead resistance and stretched every momentum indicator to extremes. More importantly, the cross-currency dynamics are starting to shift. EUR/JPY and GBP/JPY are both showing early signs of distribution, indicating that the broad-based yen weakness is losing steam across all major pairs. When professional traders start taking profits on carry trades, the momentum shifts happen fast. The overnight funding markets are already pricing in higher volatility for yen crosses, signaling that institutional players are hedging their exposure.

Global Liquidity Flows Reversing Course

The massive capital flows that have driven this currency manipulation campaign are reaching natural limits. Japan’s current account surplus, historically the foundation of yen strength, hasn’t disappeared – it’s been temporarily overwhelmed by speculative flows. As export competitiveness improves from the weaker yen, that current account surplus will reassert itself and provide fundamental support for yen recovery. Meanwhile, the U.S. current account deficit continues to widen, creating longer-term pressure on dollar strength despite short-term safe-haven flows.

Global investors are also starting to question the sustainability of Japan’s debt dynamics. While currency debasement provides temporary relief, Japan’s debt-to-GDP ratio continues climbing toward unsustainable levels. The bond market vigilantes who have been sleeping for years are beginning to stir. Japanese Government Bond yields are still artificially suppressed, but the BOJ’s commitment to unlimited bond purchases is creating distortions that can’t last forever. When confidence in Japan’s ability to manage its debt burden starts cracking, the yen will strengthen rapidly as repatriation flows overwhelm carry trade positions.

Positioning for the Inevitable Reversal

The setup for shorting USD/JPY from current levels is compelling, but timing is critical. Central bank intervention can keep irrational trends going longer than markets expect, so position sizing and risk management are paramount. The key levels to watch are 101.50 on the downside for USD/JPY and 13,500 for the Nikkei. Breaking these levels simultaneously would signal the beginning of a major unwind that could drive USD/JPY back toward 95 over the coming months.

Currency volatility is artificially suppressed right now, making long volatility positions attractive alongside directional bets. The VIX equivalent for currencies is near historic lows, but the underlying instabilities suggest explosive moves ahead. Smart positioning means building core short USD/JPY positions while hedging with long volatility plays across yen crosses.

Japanese Bond Implosion – Explained

Forex Kong 4 Comments

As I’ve pointed out many times before, it’s important to understand the relationship (and intermarket dynamics) played out between bonds, currency and the stock market. In this case we’re looking at Japan whos recent “money printing fiasco” may have set in motion a domino effect across these asset classes – with a potentially catostrophic result.

The Japanese stock market “The Nikkei” is down aprox -1000 points as of this writing. Tha’ts over 7% drop overnight alone.

The following video outlines the potencial pitfalls of access money printing, as well provides an excellent “road map” for where the U.S is headed shortly.

WATCH THIS SHORT VIDEO – IF FOR NO OTHER REASON THAN TO BETTER YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF BONDS, INTEREST RATES AND MONEY PRINTING.

[youtube=http://youtu.be/Njp8bKpi-vg]

The Ripple Effect: How Japan’s Currency Crisis Spreads Globally

USD/JPY at Critical Inflection Point

When central banks lose control of their monetary policy, currency markets become battlegrounds. The USD/JPY pair is now trading at levels that should terrify anyone holding Japanese assets. We’re witnessing a textbook example of currency debasement in real-time, and smart money is already positioning for the inevitable collapse. The yen’s weakness isn’t just a number on your screen – it’s a reflection of Japan’s desperate attempt to inflate away decades of deflation through reckless money printing.

Here’s what most traders miss: when USD/JPY breaks above key resistance levels during times of Japanese monetary chaos, it signals far more than a simple currency move. It’s telling you that global investors are fleeing Japanese assets entirely. This creates a feedback loop where yen weakness forces more selling, which creates more yen weakness. The Bank of Japan has painted themselves into a corner, and the only exit strategy involves destroying their currency’s purchasing power.

Bond Market Signals You Cannot Ignore

The Japanese Government Bond (JGB) market is flashing warning signals that make the 2008 crisis look like a warm-up act. When bond yields spike while a central bank is actively printing money to suppress them, you’re witnessing the market’s loss of confidence in real-time. The JGB 10-year yield movements directly correlate with currency flows, and right now those flows are screaming “get out of Japan.”

Pay close attention to the spread between Japanese and US Treasury yields. When this spread widens dramatically – as it’s doing now – it creates an arbitrage opportunity that institutional money cannot ignore. Capital flows from low-yield Japanese bonds to higher-yield US bonds, putting additional downward pressure on the yen. This isn’t theory; it’s happening right now in markets worldwide. The bond vigilantes are awake, and they’re targeting Japan first.

Cross-Currency Opportunities Emerging

While everyone focuses on USD/JPY, the real opportunities are emerging in cross-currency pairs. EUR/JPY and GBP/JPY are showing technical setups that could deliver massive moves over the coming months. When a major currency enters debasement mode, it weakens against everything – not just the dollar. This creates multiple trading opportunities across the currency spectrum.

The Australian dollar, despite its own challenges, looks strong against the yen because Australia isn’t actively destroying its currency through unlimited money printing. AUD/JPY could see significant upward pressure as Japanese investors seek yield in Australian bonds and equities. These cross-currency moves often provide better risk-adjusted returns than the more obvious USD/JPY trade that everyone’s already watching.

The Coming US Dollar Reckoning

Here’s the uncomfortable truth most analysts won’t tell you: America is following Japan’s playbook, just with a 10-year delay. The Federal Reserve’s balance sheet expansion, quantitative easing programs, and yield curve control experiments are carbon copies of Japan’s failed monetary policies. The only difference is timing and scale.

When the US dollar faces its own currency crisis – and it will – the playbook is already written. Look at Japan today, and you’re seeing America’s tomorrow. The DXY index may be strong now, but that strength is built on the relative weakness of other currencies, not the fundamental strength of US monetary policy. Smart money is already positioning for the dollar’s eventual decline by accumulating hard assets and non-dollar currencies.

The intermarket relationships between bonds, currencies, and equities don’t lie. When central banks choose short-term market stability over long-term currency integrity, they create the conditions for catastrophic adjustments later. Japan is experiencing that adjustment now. The United States will face the same choice soon: defend the currency or defend the markets. They cannot do both forever, and when that choice arrives, currency traders positioned correctly will profit enormously from the chaos that follows.